http://backdoldmige.bloog.pl/id,356335340,title,Schleswig-Holstein-2013-Postkartenkalender-Mit-13-Farbpostkarten-download-book,index.html. Many believe that when the Church is raptured, we'll simply step into a parallel dimension. One of the most spectacular examples is Jesus Christ, Himself, walking through a locked door. My question then becomes where was he when he did this? Well, that is certainly true that they do teach that. Their words were to be neither doubted nor criticized. by 1over137 Fri Aug 26, 2011 12:27 am, Post Although it is not clear where his burial place is it is clear that he died and was buried in the Land of Israel. We are immediately aware of the three dimensions that surround us on a daily basis those that define the length, width, and depth of all objects in our universes (the x, y, and z axes, respectively). Nachmanides argued that the Biblical prophets regarded the future messiah as a human, a person of flesh and blood, and not as divine, in the way that Christians view Jesus. From Gerald Schroeder: Genesis and the Big Bang, In the thirteenth century, Nahmanides quoted a commentary on Genesis written 600 years before him, noting that prior to the existence of the universe, time did not exist. denver museum of nature and science prehistoric journey. particles. From this publication Pablo selected certain passages which he construed as blasphemies against Christianity and denounced to the head of his order, Raymond de Penyafort. Nachmanides countered that Christiani's interpretations were distortions; the rabbis would not hint that Jesus was Messiah while, at the same time, explicitly opposing him as such. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletters are free features that allow you to receive your favourite sci-tech news updates. From hints in Pauls Epistle to the Romans,4 some of us suspect that the original creation was fractured as a result of the curse declared in Genesis 3. Nachmanides was born in Girona in 1194, where he grew up and studied (hence he is also called Mosheh ben Nahman Gerondi, or "Moses son of Nahman the Gironan"), and died in the Land of Israel about 1270. See further on this debate under Divine Providence. Both, the Bible and particle physics demonstrate that God must have existed in dimensions of space and time outside the universe to which He spoke into being. Top Nachmanides 10 Quotes. Notes: In fact, the theoretical framework of superstring theory posits that the universe exists in 10 different . Isaiah 57:15). Credit: NASA. Scientists believe that the fourth dimension is time, which governs the properties of all known matter at any given point. We should also know theres work involved. For the use of first would have implied an already existing series of days or a continuum of time when in fact on this "day one" there had been no prior time to this one day. It is possible that our universe is one such membrane. Do you have any suggestions for aspiring writers? Nachmanides admitted that he had stated many things against Christianity, but he had written nothing which he had not used in his disputation in the presence of the King, who had granted him freedom of speech. Thus he assails Maimonides' interpretation of Gen. 18:8,[10] asserting that Maimonides' preferred understanding is contrary to the evident meaning of the Biblical words and that it is sinful even to hear it. To reconcile the two parties, Nachmanides proposed that the ban against the philosophical portion of Maimonides's Code of Jewish law should be revoked, but that the ban against public study of the Guide for the Perplexed, and against those who rejected allegorical interpretation of the Bible, should be maintained and even strengthened. Nachmanides, in contrast, wrote that those first six 24-hour days contained all the ages and all the secrets of the world. https://gotodevryu.com/. The Savaral manuscript reads as follows: Let a royal command issue forth from you as you become a single group and a lasting bond to destroy an upraised arm, to excommunicate, ban, and place under a curse every tongue speaking arrogantly which God will destroy, one who mocks the aggadot or opens his mouth against the asmakhtot, and those who engage in the study of the Guide in groups. Despite his scientific studies, he is considered . Superstring theory posits that the universe exists in 10 dimensions at once. Everything that exists under the sun or above was not made from non-existence at the outset. There is a profound inferencein the story of creation that deals with the firmament of water above the earth which is in a totally different dimension. There is a long answer and a short answer. by RickD Fri Jun 24, 2011 11:13 am, Post Other scholars[15] believe that the identification of Bonastruc a Porta with Nachmanides is incorrect. 2.50. God set other divine-like powers to control other lands. [9], As in his preceding works, he vehemently attacks the Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle, and frequently criticizes Maimonides' biblical interpretations. Is Dj Vu Caused by Parallel Universe Versions of You Influencing Your Life? While imperceptible as far as our senses are concerned, they would have governed the formation of the universe from the very beginning. From the initial concentration of this intangible substance in its minute location, the substance expanded, expanding the universe as it did so. The debate was initiated by a Pablo Christiani, a Jewish convert to Christianity, who had been sent by the Dominican Master General, Raymond de Penyafort, to King James I of Aragon, with the request that the king order Nachmanides to respond to charges against Judaism. [/is_customer][is_subscriber]Start learning magick and occultism at Magick.Me, our online school for chaos magick.[/is_subscriber]. . Of the ostensible ten dimensions we now know exist, only four are directly perceptible by our current technologies. This, he declares, is against the Law, which commands man to rejoice on the day of joy and weep on the day of mourning. It has two axes (X,Y). 1 rating. When someone mentions "different dimensions," we tend to think of things like parallel universes alternate realities that exist parallel to our own, but where things work or happened differently. 1 Peter 1:20). There are few topics that are more characterized by presumptions and misinformation than that of angels .from childhood fairy tales to total ignorance. In the view of the author, the body with all its functions being the work of God, is holy, and so none of its normal sexual impulses and actions can be regarded as objectionable. Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox, Phys.org 2003 - 2023 powered by Science X Network. Daddy mntioned wth a teasing smile. As a young man he was reputed to have made a living as a physician, but he is most reputed as a philosopher, Biblical exegete and . But as God reveals Himself to us more and more, we should realize He WANTS us to know Him, so that we might trust Him and have complete faith in Him. The Torah, THE SECRET OF TIFERET, is by ten. The Holy Letter: A Study in Medieval Jewish Sexual Morality, Ascribed to Nahmanides. . The matter at this time was so thin, so intangible, that it did not have real substance. He claimed a 13th century Rabbi named Nachmanides had determined from Genesis that the Universe contained 10 dimensions, and thus discovered something in the Bible that scientists would not learn for another seven centuries. Primordial weirdness: Did the early universe have 1 dimension? This initially thin noncorporeal substance took on the tangible aspects of matter as we know it. Powerful Words of Martin Luther King Reaching Into 2018, This Year, My Christmas Greeting Is Not Simple. Long before Einsteins General Relativity or Michio Kakus String Theory came along, the Bible informed us that in this universe, multiple dimensions do exist. 10. Seymour J. Cohen (Editor), Nahmanides. (Furthermore, I also have reason to understand that this area of study presently enjoys a security classification even higher than that of our most sensitive warheads!). Interesting reading indeed. Nachmanides answered the order of the King, but asked that complete freedom of speech should be granted. Imagining Other Dimensions. (This grace was given us in Christ Jesus before the beginning of time (2 Timothy 1:9) There is a length known as the Planck length, 10-33 centimeters, that is indivisible. Can you pronounce this word better. 12. The key is how time passes. Matthew 8:29. Genesis 18:7, 8. While strings can only vibrate in 10 dimensions, membranes can exist at 11 dimensions. Nachmanides' adherence to the words of the earlier authorities may be due to piety, or the influence of the northern French Jewish school of thought. [5] His exposition, intermingled with aggadic and mystical interpretations, is based upon careful philology and original study of the Bible.[5]. 16. That's nine of space and one of time. Most scholars, in sync with Jewish tradition, say that he was buried near the city of Haifa. Why Readers Are Moving Back To Hardbacks. [4][5] Among his teachers in Talmud were Judah ben Yakar and Nathan ben Mer of Trinquetaille, and he is said to have been instructed in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) by his countryman Azriel of Gerona,[6] who was in turn a disciple of Isaac the Blind. Its pretty clear God was operating in a dimension separate from and prior to our own universe. Babylonian records of observations of heavenly events to measure time date back to 1,600 BCE. (Note that Nachmanides's analysis of the Guide is not the consensus view of modern scholars.) Perhaps the most dramatic event in his life was the Great Debate, in which he was given permission by the king to speak freely in defense of Judaism against an apostate Jew converted to Christianity. But examine everything carefully; hold fast to that which is good. Rambam, Shas, Meforshim in text format. Matthew 8:31. For additional information, here's an article on Universe Today about parallel universes, and another on a parallel universe scientists thought they found that doesn't actually exist. 5. Ephesians 6:10-18 details the seven critical elements of the Armor of God. Thank you. by DannyM Thu Aug 25, 2011 5:36 pm, Post Credit: National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli. Nachmanides died in about 1270 CE. Ramban (Nachmanides) Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman, who lived in 13th-century Spain, was one of the greatest minds in an epoch of great men. with a down payment as little as 5%, but 20% will ensure lower rates. The same was in the beginning with God. He was prompted to record his commentary by three motives: (1) to satisfy the minds of students of the Law and stimulate their interest by a critical examination of the text; (2) to justify the ways of God and discover the hidden meanings of the words of Scripture, "for in the Torah are hidden every wonder and every mystery, and in her treasures is sealed every beauty of wisdom"; (3) to soothe the minds of the students by simple explanations and pleasant words when they read the appointed sections of the Pentateuch on Sabbaths and festivals. [5], The justness of his defense was recognized by the King and the commission, but to satisfy the Dominicans, Nachmanides was sentenced to exile for two years and his pamphlet was condemned to be burned. I expect it to explain You just need length and width to determine location. At this level of complexity, everything that is possible and imaginable exists. Nahmanides's reference to a grain of mustard is the traditional way of saying, "in the language of man," the tiniest imaginable speck of space. von A. Jellinek de Moses Nachmanides (1853) et d'autres livres, articles d'art et de collection similaires disponib In his "Ma'amar Tehiyyat Hametim" ("Treatise on Resurrection"), Maimonides dismisses as "utter fools" anyone who believes that the three angels who visited Abraham's tent actually "ate" the "curd, and milk, and the calf" that Abraham had prepared for them, despite the explicit language of the text. The reason given by him for this bold statement was that it was more meritorious for the Jews to observe the precepts under a Christian ruler, while in exile and suffering humiliation and abuse, than under the rule of the Messiah, when every one would perforce act in accordance with the Law.[5]. houston methodist willowbrook cafeteria menu; disadvantages of minimally invasive heart surgery; terry kilburn edmonton. The 10-Dimensional Metacosm. In another, addressed to his second son, who occupied an official position at the Castilian court, Nachmanides recommends the recitation of the daily prayers and warns above all against immorality. conceptualize 11 dimension at that . He usually begins his comments with Rashi's explanation and then expounds further with insights from Kabbalah and Oral Tradition. vermont temporary registration out of state Top Bar. This was the religious disputation in which he was called upon to defend his faith in 1263. Suddenly, Jesus was standing there among them! Surprisingly, modern physics supports the rabbis' conflicting reasoning while supporting the account in Genesis 1. Lets break the long answer down into smaller pieces. Beyond these three lie the seven dimensions which are not immediately apparent to us, but which can be still be perceived as having a direct effect on the universe and reality as we know it. As the expansion progressed, a change in the substance occurred. [5] Maimonides was 58 years old when Nachmanides was born. It has a great page on the ten dimensions. Credit: A Hanson, he existence of extra dimensions is explained using the Calabi-Yau manifold, in which all the intrinsic properties of elementary particles are hidden. Nachmanides then settled at Acre, where he was very active in spreading Jewish learning, which was at that time very much neglected in the Holy Land. This is essentially a flat map, like the playing field in games such as Battleship or chess. There was nothing to which one could relate this day. distance from my location to biloxi mississippi. Encyclopedias. This was learned from the wording of Genesis 1:5, ". VII, pp. [3] He was a descendant of Isaac ben Reuben of Barcelona and cousin of Jonah Gerondi (Rabbeinu Yonah). In the sixth, we would see a plane of possible worlds, where we could compare and position all the possible universes that start with the same initial conditions as this one (i.e. It was to arouse the interest of the local Jews in the exposition of the Bible that Nachmanides wrote the greatest of his works, the above-mentioned commentary on the Torah. and ever and that due to that wee will be a family in heaven for hundres of thousands oof years. He was a . The same was in the beginning with God. and there was evening and there was morning, day one." 3/16". A cube has 3 degrees of freedom (X,Y,Z), has volume, and is, basically, space as we experience it. Here we discover that one of the most profound conclusions of 20th century science is that the universe is finite. The emergent trend toward transhumanism will also usher in similar, new concerns. Moshe ben Nachman, known as Nachmanides and Ramban (not to be confused with the great Maimonides, known as Rambam), was born in Gerona, Catalonia, about 1194 and died in Palestine around 1270. saving. 4, Moses is already a grown man. This work gave rise to a tendency to allegorize Biblical narratives, and to downplay the role of miracles. The following are some of his reasonable views. (Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear. The second dimension can be represented by a plane. Estive pesquisando sobre isto o assunto at que cheguei a tua postagem, fiquei contente com o que acabei de ler todo. For a FREE 1-Year Subscription, click here. But what, exactly, are full 10dimensions? Considering the lack of scientific knowledge at the time that Nahmanides lived, he must have had either extraordinary gumption or absolute faith to have taught such notions. God lives in a dimension outside of time in which He can compress or expand our time (stop the sun for Joshua) based on His sovereign will. For decades afterwards, he conducted his own independent UFO research, developing the Close Encounter classification system, and is widely considered the father of the concept of scientific analysis of reports and trace evidence ostensibly left by UFOs. * Nominal thread diameter is measured on the outside of the threads per ASME B18.6.3. (That Sunday evening the disciples were meeting behind locked doors because they were afraid of the Jewish leaders. Furthermore, Nachmanides demonstrated from numerous biblical and talmudic sources that traditional Jewish belief ran contrary to Christiani's postulates. His Spanish name was Bonastrug da Porta. [12], Nachmanides, first as rabbi of Girona and later as chief rabbi of Catalonia, seems to have led a largely untroubled life. A line has one degree of freedom. Now, thousands of years later, respected String Theorists seem to agree. (To the only God our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion and authority, before all time and now and forever. Stay tuned next month for the conclusion of this study and the release of Angels Volume 2: The Invisible War. Due to the existence of three variant editions of Nachmanides' letter, there is some debate as to the contents of his proposed resolution. According to the responsa of Shlomo ibn Aderet[7][4] Nachmanides studied medicine. In the ninth dimension, we can compare all the possible universe histories, starting with all the different possible laws of physics and initial conditions. My heart went out to them, the same kind of people who still believe if God wanted us on the moon, He wouldve put us there. The existence of these additional six dimensions which we cannot perceive is necessary for String Theory in order for there to be consistency in nature. Any position on a plane can be defined with two measurements. by DannyM Fri Aug 26, 2011 4:36 am, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited. 2 Kings 6:17). "There is in this matter a . Can the dogs of Chernobyl teach us new tricks on survival? This special soul, which is a direct emanation from God, existed before the creation of the world. vaccines cause autisms!!!!!!!! [ it seems most strange that ] the Creator of Heaven and Earth resorted to the womb of a certain Jewish lady, grew there for nine months and was born as an infant, and afterwards grew up and was betrayed into the hands of his enemies who sentenced him to death and executed him, and that afterwards he came to life and returned to his original place. The eighth dimension again gives us a plane of such possible universe histories, each of which begins with different initial conditions and branches out infinitely (hence why they are called infinities). He holds that as God is eminently just, there must be reward and punishment. ADD TO CART DESCRIPTION FEATURES REVIEWS SHIPPING TIMEFRAME Now, you will be able to master this essential commentary to the Torah - thanks to the new ArtScroll Edition of Ramban. [5], For Nachmanides, divine revelation is the best guide in all these questions, and proceeds to give his views on Jewish views of the afterlife. Like Maimonides before him, Nachmanides was a Spaniard who was both a physician and a great Torah scholar. (In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, andthe Word was God. There are so many options out The words He spoke brought forth a whole new creation, things that did not exist before. the Big Bang). Moses ben Maimon (1138-1204), commonly known as Maimonides (/ m a m n d i z /) and also referred to by the acronym Rambam (Hebrew: ), was a Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.In his time, he was also a preeminent astronomer and physician, serving as the personal physician of Saladin. The point is when Christians talk about the Spiritual Realm, they should know what they are professing to believe. community bible study complaints; marriage witness requirements; how old was queen esther when she died. Its traveling, NAMELY GVURAH, is by ten. Even a worldin which you have no student loans. Add to it a second dimension, the y-axis (or height), and you get an object that becomes a 2-dimensional shape (like a square). Shortly after his arrival in Jerusalem, he addressed a letter to his son Nahman, in which he described the desolation of the Holy City, where there were at that time only two Jewish inhabitantsbrothers, dyers by trade. While not as noticeable as larger poster sizes, the flyer size still aims to alert others in smaller settings. Throughout the 20 th . go for a paid option? By Rabbi Dr. Israel Drazin. Rabbi Moses ben Nachman, Nachmanides (1194-1270 CE), was the leader of Spanish Jewry. (406 mm), available in nominal thicknesses of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 in. There, with my sons and daughters, the sweet, dear children I brought up at my knees, I left also my soul. The third dimension (you know this one!) (And Elisha prayed, Open his eyes, LORD, so that he may see. Then the LORD opened the servants eyes, and he looked and saw the hills full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha. (Image via. at SRI International in creating ARPANET, the precursor to the modern Internet. As we search the Scriptures, we find that there are a number of different ranks of angels: Cherubim, Seraphim, and others. I would like to subscribe to Science X Newsletter. The sixth dimension is a plane containing all possible universes with the same start conditions as ours; i.e., the Big Bang. Even the darker sideof demons and fallen angelsalthough surprisingly popular in current entertainment, is characterized by mythology and is rarely taken seriously. In the seventh dimension, you have access to the possible worlds that start with different initial conditions. Still, others perceived it as sinful and disrespectful to the pure teachings of God to ask a question of this nature. by. Unlike Maimonides (1138-1204), who focused on a . (smaller than the wavelength of light) and thus are not directly discernible by current . Nachmanides left Aragon and sojourned for three years somewhere in Castille or in the southern part of the Kingdom of France. ?It?s tnat hee dspatched Jesus to die fo us and give us life endlessly He is also commonly known by the Hebrew acronym (Ra-M-Ba-N, for Rabbeinu Meh bn-Nmn, "Our Rabbi Moses son of Nahman"). Nahmanides taught that at the beginning, all that is on and within the Earth and all the heavens, in fact all the universe, was somehow packed, compressed, squeezed into this speck of space, the size of a mustard grain.". He often provides a different perspective on a variety of issues that are addressed by the Tosefot. level! That? pretty good isnt it? Is it right in such important matters to act capriciously, to applaud the one to-day and the other tomorrow?"[5]. Some said: yes, others: no, others were indifferent, that is to say, what difference does it make? Im hoping to start my own site soon but Im a little lost on everything. All dimensions beyond the third are theoretical. he existence of extra dimensions is explained using the Calabi-Yau manifold, in which all the intrinsic properties of elementary particles are hidden. (c)- This dimension is commonly associated with "true" lap joints. Much like other candidates for a grand unifying theory aka the Theory of Everything (TOE) the belief that the universe is made up of ten dimensions (or more, depending on which model of string theory you use) is an attempt to reconcile the standard model of particle physics with the existence of gravity. 2. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. There are many Bible verses that point to God activity prior to the creation of this universe and the time continuum that governs it. Did you miss question #4 on the countdown? Jesus, the Son of God, created all things. In theory, if you could master the fifth and sixth dimension, you could travel back in time or go to different futures. James was obliged to entertain the charge, but, mistrusting the Dominican court, called an extraordinary commission, and ordered that the proceedings be conducted in his presence. Hebrews 11:3). [3] He was a descendant of Isaac ben Reuben of Barcelona and cousin of Jonah Gerondi (Rabbeinu Yonah). You might find episode 137 The Large Scale Structure of the Universe pretty interesting. The remaining six are "curled" (to use the nomenclature of metric tensors) in less than 10-33 cm. Eternity is not just a very long stack of extended time capsules or units of time. Nachmanides' wrote glosses on the whole Talmud, made compendiums of parts of Jewish law, after the model of Isaac Alfasi. However, the reality of dimensions and how they play a role in the ordering of our Universe is really quite different from this popular characterization. by 1over137 Fri Aug 26, 2011 4:25 am, Post Go here: Specify LinkedIn Client ID and Secret in the Super Socializer > Social Login section in the admin panel for LinkedIn Login to work, Prayer Is A Two-Way Process: Your Responsibility Here On The Ground. A good description of a one-dimensional object is a straight line, which exists only in terms of length and has no other discernible qualities. 9. Instead He brought forth from total and absolute nothing a very thin substance devoid of corporeality but having a power of potency, fit to assume form and to proceed from potentiality into reality. 7. FB.init({xfbml:1,version: "v10.0"}); The Blood Tears Of Jesus is a life-changing experience. "I left my family, I forsook my house. This number then is not just the happenstance of the sum of the 10 digits and the 22 Hebrew letters, but is of essence and sign by itself. In mainstream science, Valle is notable for codeveloping the first computerized mapping of Mars for NASA and for his work That's a bit of a mind-boggler: Most . Announced Apr 2021. (Image via.). In his Milhamot Hashem (Wars of the Lord) he defended Alfasi's decisions against the criticisms of Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona. Romans 1:20; Hebrews 11:3; 1 John 3:2; et al. [20], This article is about the medieval Catalan rabbi. how, for example, a photon propagates Are they just elements of colorful fiction or comedy? 3.25. Clear rating. At age 16 he began his writings on Jewish law. Great find, Danny. Jesus, the Son of God, created all things. Back to our question Did Jesus create a universe with dimensions outside of the one we live in? His books include John Dee and the Empire of Angels, Ultraculture Journal, Queen Valentine, Thee Psychick Bible and Generation Hex. The 12th dimension, for example, introduces a second time. In a later letter from Acre he counsels his son to cultivate humility, which he considers to be the first of virtues. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. recommend books. (A non-kosher one, at that!) When well advanced in years, however, his life was interrupted by an event which made him leave his family and his country and wander in foreign lands. "Ten Jewish men gathered are considered a congregation which can bring sanctification," continued Segal. This word is not simply talking about putting space between things. 18. There is an important precept here we should understand; so lets be careful not to minimize it. Provided by It is noteworthy that the two most venerated researchers of UFO phenomena, Jacques Valle,5 the Frenchman, and J. Allen Hynek,6 the American, each concludedafter weeding out the hoaxes and other unsubstantiated nonsensethat UFOs do actually exist and are demonic: i.e., hyperdimensional and bent on deceit. technology (Tech Xplore) and medical research (Medical Xpress), During his three-year stay in the Holy Land, Nachmanides maintained a correspondence with his native land, by means of which he endeavored to bring about a closer connection between Judea and Spain. "In fact, nine learned Rabbis together do not constitute a minyan. In fact, the theoretical framework of Superstring Theory posits that the universe exists in ten different dimensions. Due Amount Defaulted from Previous Month. Note: As a Christian, do you believe in multiple dimensions? The Bible goes on to say the universe [our universe] cannot contain Him (Behold, heaven and the highest heavens cannot contain Thee (1 Kings 8:27). Let them ceaselessly cry,"Great is Yahweh" who love your saving power. But one critical reason was to liberate people in this group from their fears. (or Nachmani = Ben - Nachman), MOSES (also called by the Jews Ramban, from the initial letters , R. Moses ben- ltachman; the Pious Teacher [ ], the ,Great Master ], and by Christian writers Moses Gerundemnis), a Jewish writer of considerable note . Oi l ! ell, I am surprised youu all left th very additional fijnest IPK researchers provide insights into grain number determination mechanism of barley, Mechanical weeding promotes ecosystem functions and profit in industrial oil palm, finds study, The world's first horse riders found near the Black Sea, Most detailed geological model reveals Earth's past 100 million years, On social media platforms, more sharing means less caring about accuracy, Molecular atlas of spider silk production could help bring unparalleled material to market, Case study of rare, endangered tortoise highlights conservation priorities for present, future World Wildlife Days, Tracing the history of grape domestication using genome sequencing, Study reveals link between selenium and COVID-19 severity. 2 Kings 6:8-17; Daniel 10; Revelation 12; et al.