... about author. [51][52][53][54], In the field of physics, one case of usage of pseudonyms is denounced. For instance, a post-doc researcher in the same research group where his PhD was awarded, may be willing to roll his authorship into any subsequent paper from other researchers in that same group, overseeing the criteria for authorship. Also called "honorary," or "guest," authors, gift authors don't make a significant contribution (or sometimes any contribution at all) to the paper, Stemwedel says. Ghost Authorship. [22] When each author claims each paper and each citation as his/her own, papers and citations are multiplied by the number of authors. From an ethical standpoint, ghost authorship, particularly in conjunction with guest authorship, entails deception of the research community, which may not be able to properly assess a study’s validity and credibility. Academic authorship of journal articles, books, and other original works is a means by which academics communicate the results of their scholarly work, establish priority for their discoveries, and build their reputation among their peers. 1995. [57][58][56], Authorship in mathematics, theoretical computer science and high energy physics, American Psychological Association. Gift authorship of medical papers; ... even if they have made no contribution to the research. -index. Authorship credits are also an increasingly important currency of academia, vital for career progression, funding, and success in research assessments1. Guest and gift authors make no discernible contributions.3 Any ‘gift’ and ‘guest’ contributions should be The author must have: Acquisition of funding, or general supervision of the research group alone does not constitute authorship. Senior persons may still make some vague claim to have "supervised the project", for example, even if they were only in the formal position of a supervisor without having delivered concrete contributions. Some researchers think that adding famous scholars to the author list of their manuscript – with or without their knowledge – will increase their chances of being published or winning a grant funding application. Dyer C. Under no circumstance should individuals be added as co-authors based on the individual’s stature as an attempt to increase the likelihood of publication or credibility of the work. Merck routinely paid medical writing companies to prepare journal manuscripts, and subsequently recruited external, academically affiliated researchers to pose as the authors. In many disciplines, however, collaboration is the norm and issues of authorship can be controversial. ... Kelly Cobey, Senior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Liz Allen, Director of Strategic Initiatives, F1000. p. 350, Biagioli, M. Rights or rewards? Even if this is done with the benign intention to acknowledge some contributions, it is problematic since authors carry responsibility for correctness and thus need to have the opportunity to check the manuscript and possibly demand changes. Authorship is a primary basis that employers use to evaluate academic personnel for employment, promotion, and tenure. Rules for the order of multiple authors in a list have historically varied significantly between fields of research. [40], Authors' reputations can be damaged if their names appear on a paper that they do not completely understand or with which they were not intimately involved. Researchers seek clearer rules on crediting co-authors. Holden, Constance. A study in the Canadian Medical Association Journal found that more than two-thirds of 919 corresponding authors disagreed with their coauthors regarding contributions of each author. ", "Perish or Publish Dilemma: Challenges to Responsible Authorship", "Ghost authorship in industry-initiated randomised trials", "The serious business of listing authors", "Rules for submission of abstracts to EPAC96", "Guidelines for the Preparation of Abstracts", "Reliability of disclosure forms of authors' contributions", "Lessons from the Pearce affair: handling scientific fraud", "Independent Committee of Inquiry into the publication of articles in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (1994-1995)", "Journal editor quits in conflict scandal - The Scientist - Magazine of the Life Sciences", "Actonel Case Media Reports - Scientific Misconduct Wiki", "Memorial University to re-examine Chandra case", "American Journal of Human Biology - Wiley InterScience", "Did a British university sell out to P&G? [46] Many scientific journals also require that authors provide information to allow readers to determine whether the authors may have commercial or non-commercial conflicts of interest. Terrall, M. The uses of anonymity in the age of reason. Read more about COPE webinar 2017: Standards in authorship; News. The Lancet has retracted a paper by researchers at the Medical University of Innsbruck in Austria after an official investigation found that the clinical trial it reported had serious ethical and procedural flaws. Research on authorship norms and practices in GHR settings Performing conceptual as well as empirical RRI is a necessary preliminary undertaking to understand the norms, values, and practices of authorship specific to GHR. Many authors - especially those in the middle of the byline - do not fulfill these authorship criteria. Often, researchers use guest authorship in lieu of acquiring grants, funds or providing supervision. "[19] The rise of shared authorship has been attributed to Big Science—scientific experiments that require collaboration and specialization of many individuals.[20]. [23] As result, game rules set by Science and technology policy academics and evaluators use co-authorship as a proxy for research collaboration despite knowing better. The limit between “small contribution” and “no contribution” is not, however, easily defined; different fields put it at different levels. One form, gift authorship, is bestowed out of respect for or gratitude to an individual. In addition, it may help to identify the perpetrator in a case of scientific fraud. However, it is plausible to expect that it is still widespread, because senior scientists leading large research groups can receive much of their reputation from a long publication list and thus have little motivation to give up honorary authorships. Alternatively, the increase in multi-authorship is according to a game-theoretic analysis a consequence of the way scientists are evaluated. Ghost authorship occurs when an individual makes a substantial contribution to the research or the writing of the report, but is not listed as an author. Supporting Students with IT Hardware for Online Learning at IIT ... Research Highlights. The researcher adds that it’s common for academics to approach one another offering certain favours in exchange for gift authorships, particularly in some countries where English is not the first language. A rolling authorship is a special case of gift authorship in which the honor is granted on the basis of previous research papers (published or not) and collaborations within the same research group. medical writers or technical writers) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author. The She did not win the competition, but eventually her paper was published alongside the winning submissions, under her real name. However, it is common in academia. Rights Reserved. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). The following Austria’s Agency for Health and Food Safety says that the urologists who conducted the trial of stem cell treatment for stress incontinence in women … Honorary or Gift Authorship. In academic publishing, authorship of a work is claimed by those making intellectual contributions to the completion of the research described in the work. Background The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence about authorship issues and provide synthesis of research on authorship across all research fields. {\displaystyle h} Authorship confers credit and has important academic, social, and financial implications. [27] The United States National Academy of Sciences, however, warns that such practices "dilute the credit due the people who actually did the work, inflate the credentials of those so 'honored,' and make the proper attribution of credit more difficult. supervisor or department's managers, in which case it is called a coercive authorship. [15], A paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1993 reported on a clinical trial conducted in 1,081 hospitals in 15 different countries, involving a total of 41,021 patients. Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), The University of Adelaide (Adelaide Uni). , Senior Clinical research Associate, Ottawa Hospital research Institute Liz Allen, Director of Initiatives... Of contributor large, multi-center Clinical trials authorship is given to an.... 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