Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese,[77] but he was overthrown by the Ming admiral Zheng He in 1409 CE. [199] The Sri Lankan government has released over 11,000 rehabilitated former LTTE cadres. Vellalar is a generic Tamil term used primarily by various castes who traditionally pursued agriculture as a profession in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka.Some of the communities that identify themselves as a Vellalar are the numerically strong Arunattu Vellalar, Chozhia Vellalar, Karkarthar Vellalar, Kongu Vellalar, Thuluva Vellalar and Sri … [118][119], People in the Vanni districts considered themselves separate from Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula but the two groups did intermarry. The country with the largest share of displaced Tamils is Canada, with more than 200,000 legal residents,[2] found mostly within the Greater Toronto Area. Tamil is their mother tongue. Since independence, the political relationship between Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil community has been strained. [124] The Western Tamils caste hierarchy is principally dominated by the maritime Karaiyars, along with other dominant groups such as the Paravars. [c] Two of the six ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the Vavuniya District, one is in Seruvavila in Trincomalee District, one is in Kuduvil in Ampara District, one is in Anuradhapura and one is in Matale District.[52]. [154], After the start of the civil war in 1983, a number of poets and fiction writers became active, focusing on subjects such as death, destruction, and rape. Hunting and raising livestock such as water buffalo and cattle is a necessary adjunct to the agriculture. It refers to the exogamous matrilineal clans and is found amongst most caste groups. [74], In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty established an independent Jaffna kingdom on the Jaffna peninsula and other parts of the north. Meat dishes such as mutton, chicken and pork also have their own niche. Hindu Saivism, Tamil Buddhism and Jainism were popular amongst the Tamils at this time, as was the proliferation of village deity worship. [174] Subsequently, the Donoughmore Commission in 1931 rejected communal representation and brought in universal franchise. [5], The earliest reference to the name is attested in the Tolkāppiyam, which divided the society in four classes Arasar, Andanar, Vanigar and Vellalar. They left behind inscriptions in South India dated to the 13th century. They worked in almost every branch of public administration, as well as on plantations and in industrial sectors. During the 1833 Colebrooke-Cameron reforms the British centralised control to Colombo and amalgamated all administrative territories including the Tamil areas which had previously been administered separately. The success of this effort led to a new confidence for the Tamils, encouraging them to think of themselves as a community, and it paved the way for their emergence as a cultural, religious, and linguistic society in the mid-19th century.[169][170]. Composite or hybrid place names are also present in these districts.[130]. [211] and there are a number of prominent Canadians of Sri Lankan Tamil descent, such as author Shyam Selvadurai,[212] and Indira Samarasekera,[213] former president of the University of Alberta. [81], The English sailor Robert Knox described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, referencing some aspects of their royal, rural and economic life and annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681 CE. [1] They are minority in other provinces. Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct, genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the Indian Tamils from South India as well. [47], Once Prakrit speakers had attained dominance on the island, the Mahavamsa further recounts the later migration of royal brides and service castes from the Tamil Pandya Kingdom to the Anuradhapura Kingdom in the early historic period. He sent Tamil women to commit suicide. The elected Sinhalese leaders of the country saw this as the result of a British stratagem to control the majority Sinhalese, and deemed it a situation that needed correction by implementation of the Policy of standardization. The Eastern Tamil caste hierarchy is dominated by the Mukkuvar, Vellalar and Karaiyar. The Tamils of the Trincomalee district have different social customs from their southern neighbours due to the influence of the Jaffna kingdom to the north. [184] There was further violence in 1981 when an organised Sinhalese mob went on a rampage during the nights of 31 May to 2 June, burning down the Jaffna public library—at the time one of the largest libraries in Asia—containing more than 97,000 books and manuscripts. [9][15], Sri Lankan Tamils continue to seek refuge in countries like Canada and Australia. [120], Western Tamils, also known as Negombo Tamils or Puttalam Tamils, are native Sri Lankan Tamils who live in the western Gampaha and Puttalam districts. [165][166][167] Since 1983, Sri Lanka has also witnessed massive civilian displacements of more than a million people, with eighty percent of them being Sri Lankan Tamils. Of course, the main thrust of Tamil extremism was to strike fear in the hearts of the Tamils to win votes. I … [132] Most Tamils who inhabit the Western Province are Roman Catholics, while those of the Northern and Eastern Provinces are mainly Hindu. The Tamil speaking majority( Eelam Tamils and Muslim Tamils) live along the fertile coastal belt. [158] Another common item is puttu, a granular, dry, but soft steamed rice powder cooked in a bamboo cylinder with the base wrapped in cloth so that the bamboo flute can be set upright over a clay pot of boiling water. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan, Ko Putivira and Ko Ra-pumaan occurring in contemporary Tamil Brahmi inscriptions of ancient South India and Egypt. [138], The dialect used in Jaffna is the oldest and closest to old Tamil. The term does not apply to Tamil immigrants in these areas. [131] The rest were mostly Roman Catholics who converted after the Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom. "The Gangas belonged to both Suryavamsa and Somavamsa and they had matrimonial alliances with other kings"[14], According to the anthropologist Kathleen Gough, "the Vellalars were the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola kings, providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry". [147][148], Sri Lankan Tamil society values education highly, for its own sake as well as for the opportunities it provides. [160] It has variations such as egg or milk Appam. the Vellalar or Karaiyar) traditionally use the service of those collectively known as Kudimakkal. Some also function as paramilitary groups within the Sri Lankan military. [71] Rajadhiraja Chola's conquest of the island led to the fall of four kings there, one of whom, Madavarajah, the king of Jaffna, was a usurper from the Rashtrakuta Dynasty. [151], By the time Sri Lanka became independent in 1948, about sixty percent of government jobs were held by Tamils, who formed barely fifteen percent of the population. Chelvanayakam, the leader of the splinter Federal Party (FP or Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi), contested the Ceylon Citizenship Act, which denied citizenship to Tamils of recent Indian origin, before the Supreme Court, and then in the Privy council in England, but failed to overturn it. A coconut oil lamp would be lit on Fridays, and a special rice dish known as pongal would be cooked either on a day considered auspicious by the family or on the Thai Pongal day, and possibly on Tamil New Year Day. [97] Historically, both groups have seen themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s. The coastal areas of the island were conquered by the Dutch and then became part of the British Empire in 1796 CE. [38][39] This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the Velir, prior to the migration of Prakrit speakers. [157], Jaffna, as a peninsula, has an abundance of seafood such as crab, shark, fish, prawn, and squid. It is the same in Trincomalee disctrict , No one is in a majority . In 1692 CE, Dutch artist Wilhelm Broedelet crafted an engraving of the map: sfn error: no target: CITEREFHudson1982 (, Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom, An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, Caste system in Sri Lanka § Sri Lankan Tamils, stripped the Indian Tamils of their citizenship, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012", "Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians", "Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas, 2011", "Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora", "Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka", "Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples", "Politically French, culturally Tamil: 12 Tamils elected in Paris and suburbs", "Swiss Tamils look to preserve their culture", "Sri Lanka president says war missing are dead", "ASA 37/011/2012 Sri Lanka: Continuing Impunity, Arbitrary Detentions, Torture and Enforced Disappearances", "Press Freedom Under Attack in Sri Lanka: Website Office Raids and Online Content Regulation", "Amnesty accuses Sri Lanka of targeting judges", "Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? The resultant benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students also meant a significant decrease in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student population. [116] The artisans who are known as Kammalar also serve as Kudimakkal, and consists of the Kannar (brass-workers), Kollar (blacksmiths), Tattar (goldsmiths), Tatchar (carpenters) and Kartatchar (sculptor). Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus have built a number of prominent Hindu temples across North America and Europe, notably in Canada, France, Germany, Denmark, and the UK. It also has its own distinctive vocabulary and retains words that are unique to present-day Malayalam, a Dravidian language from Kerala that originated as a dialect of old Tamil around 9th century CE. [43] In Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occur in the 10th century BCE. Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary of all the spoken dialects of Tamil. [149] The Portuguese introduced western-style education after their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1619. The 1681 CE map by Robert Knox demarcates the then existing boundaries of the Tamil country. Negombo Tamil dialect is spoken by about 50,000 people. [204], The earliest Tamil speakers from Sri Lanka known to have travelled to foreign lands were members of a merchant guild called Tenilankai Valanciyar (Valanciyar from Lanka of the South). [127] The coastal strip from Jaffna to Chilaw is also known as the "Catholic belt". 70% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces. It had an outright Tamil majority until the 1970s and two Tamil MPS and one Muslim MP was elected. [187][190][191], By the end of 1987, the militant youth groups had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces and the Indian Peace Keeping Force also among each other, with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) eventually eliminating most of the others. [142] Also, a large component of the settlers were from the Coromandel Coast and Malabar Coast which may have helped with the preservation of the dialect. The Hindu elite, especially the Vellalar, follow the religious ideology of Shaiva Siddhanta (Shaiva school) while the masses practice folk Hinduism, upholding their faith in local village deities not found in formal Hindu scriptures. This decision was opposed by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in parliament according to their proportion of the overall population. There is also a small minority of Protestants due to missionary efforts in the 18th century by organisations such as the American Ceylon Mission. 70% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces. Temple schools and traditional gurukulam classes on verandahs (known as Thinnai Pallikoodam in Tamil) spread basic education in religion and in languages such as Tamil and Sanskrit to the upper classes. He received 23 crore votes from the people. Place names: [162][180], In 1972, a newly formulated constitution removed section 29(2) of the 1947 Soulbury constitution that was formulated to protect the interests of minorities. The Sri Lankan Tamil dialects form a group that is distinct from the dialects of the modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of India. [187] These policies made it difficult for middle class Tamil youth to enter university or secure employment. There is little scholarly consensus over the presence of the Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka, also known as Eelam in Sangam literature.One older theory states that there were no large Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka until the 10th century CE. The Kudimakkal were domestic servants who also gave ritual importance to the dominant castes. [154] The period of joint missionary activities by the Anglican, American Ceylon, and Methodist Missions also saw the spread of modern education and the expansion of translation activities. [176] Also, in 1973, the Policy of standardization was implemented by the Sri Lankan government, supposedly to rectify disparities in university enrolment created under British colonial rule. [73] The decline of Chola power in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the Polonnaruwa monarchy in the late 11th century CE. Of the three subdivisions among Vysias, the Vellalas belong to one that is known as Bhoo-Vysias. Snacks and sweets are generally of the homemade "rustic" variety, relying on jaggery, sesame seed, coconut, and gingelly oil, to give them their distinct regional flavour. [154], The Jaffna Public Library which contained over 97,000 books and manuscripts was one of the biggest libraries in Asia, and through the Burning of the Jaffna Public Library much of Sri Lankan Tamil literature has been obliterated. [8] In western European countries, the refugees and immigrants have integrated themselves into society where permitted. Sri Lanka has been unable to contain its ethnic violence as it escalated from sporadic terrorism to mob violence, and finally to civil war. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to 15th century BCE. There also exists a significant population in Sri Lanka who are native speakers of Tamil language and are of Islamic faith. [86], According to the 2012 census there were 2,270,924 Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka, 11.2% of the population. Estimates range from 450,000 to one million. Activities by missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and Methodist and Anglican churches led to a revival among Hindu Tamils who created their own social groups, built their own schools and temples, and published their own literature to counter the missionary activities. He kidnapped Tamil children to die for him. In the legislative council the British assigned three European seats and one seat each for Sinhalese, Tamils and Burghers. There are also Prakrit loan words that are unique to Jaffna Tamil. Jaffna Tamil boys would go to Tamil Nad to see the opening show by boat in the afternoon and return home in the night! [152][153], According to legends, the origin of Sri Lankan Tamil literature dates back to the Sangam period (3rd century BCE–6th century CE). [175] But under section 29(2) of the constitution formulated by the commissioner, additional protection was provided to minority groups, such requiring a two-thirds majority for any amendments and a scheme of representation that provided more weight to the ethnic minorities. One-third of Sri Lankan Tamils now live outside Sri Lanka. [56][57] The Vanni region flourished. During the Portuguese and Dutch colonial periods (1619–1796), Muttukumara Kavirajar is the earliest known author who used literature to respond to Christian missionary activities. This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups: the Salagama, the Durava and the Karava. Vegetable curries use ingredients primarily from the home garden such as pumpkin, yam, jackfruit seed, hibiscus flower, and various green leaves. [63][66][67][68][69][70] Raja Raja Chola I renamed the northern throne Mummudi Chola Mandalam after his conquest of the northeast country to protect Tamil traders being looted, imprisoned and killed for years on the island. The sanctum could house a trident (culam), a stone, or a large tree. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—veḷ, a name related to velir from ancient Tamil country. Mention is made in literary sources of Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water craft in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at Kudiramalai. [124][126] Most of those who identify as ethnic Tamils live in villages such as Udappu and Maradankulam. Their rule also saw the benefaction of other faiths. They are classified into three subgroups: the Jaffna Tamil, the Batticaloa Tamil, and the Negombo Tamil dialects. More often, however, the temple is not completed in accordance with Agamic scriptures but consists of the barest essential structure housing a local deity. [134] The 2012 Sri Lanka Census revealed a Buddhist population of 22,254 amongst Sri Lankan Tamils, i.e. These dialects are also used by ethnic groups other than Tamils such as the Sinhalese, Moors and Veddhas. They were found to be the most distant group from the Veddahs, and quite distant from both North-West Indians (Punjabs and Gujratis) and North-East Indians (Bengalis). [1], There are no accurate figures for the number of Sri Lankan Tamils living in the diaspora. The long physical isolation of the Tamils of Jaffna has enabled their dialect to preserve ancient features of old Tamil that predate Tolkappiyam,[138] the grammatical treatise on Tamil dated from 3rd century BCE to 10th century CE. This prompted the British colonial government to hire Tamils as government servants in British-held Ceylon, India, Malaysia, and Singapore. [36], During the protohistoric period (1000-500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with southern India,[37] and shared the same megalithic burials, pottery, iron technology, farming techniques and megalithic graffiti. In fact he was dubbed “Kaadhal Mannan,” meaning “King of Romance” or “Romance King”. [82] Upon arrival of European powers from the 17th century CE, the Tamils' separate nation was described in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island. [116][117] The dominant castes (e.g. Recent excavations have led to the discovery of a limestone Kovil of Raja Raja Chola I's era on Delft island, found with Chola coins from this period. [139], The Negombo Tamil dialect is used by bilingual fishermen in the Negombo area, who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese. The Jaffna society is separated by castes. Although Amnesty International in 2003 found considerable improvement in the human rights situation, attributed to a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE,[194] by 2007 they reported an escalation in political killings, child recruitment, abductions, and armed clashes, which created a climate of fear in the north and east of the country. [185][186], Since 1948, successive governments have adopted policies that had the net effect of assisting the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment. Except for the LTTE, many of the remaining organisations transformed into either minor political parties within the Tamil National Alliance or standalone political parties. It has preserved several ancient features, remaining more consistent with the literary norm, while at the same time developing a few innovations. A Kurukkal may belong to someone from a prominent local lineage like Pandaram or Iyer community. [19][20], Meluhha and Agastya : Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script By Iravatham Mahadevan pages 16: "The Ventar-Velir-Velalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history", Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries By André Wink pages 321: "Not only were the Vellalas the landowning communities of South India,...". [150], The primary impetus for educational opportunity came with the establishment of the American Ceylon Mission in Jaffna District, which started with the arrival in 1813 of missionaries sponsored by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Demonising the Sinhala-Buddhists and fear-mongering became the main strategy of the Jaffna Tamil political platform ever since G. G. Ponnambalam unleashed the first Tamil-Sinhalese riots in Navalapitiya in 1939. [137] Kataragama temple and Adam's Peak are attended by all religious communities. It could be a proper Hindu temple known as a Koyil, constructed according to the Agamic scripts (a set of scriptures regulating the temple cult). The 1502 map Cantino represents three Tamil cities on the east coast of the island - Mullaitivu, Trincomalee and Panama, where the residents grow cinnamon and other spices, fish for pearls and seed pearls and worship idols, trading heavily with Kozhikode of Kerala. Villages have more Pillaiyar temples, which are patronised by local farmers. In 1976 they merged with the other Tamil political parties to become the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF). [110] Men or women remain members of the kudi of their birth and be brother or sister by relation. [107] From that time on, Eastern Tamil social development diverged from that of the Northern Tamils. 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