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76-77; Zherebtsov . For Russia, World War I was an unprecedented disaster: Russian casualties were greater than those sustained by any nation in any previous war. <>stream endobj In 1917, social tensions and an unpopular war against Germany and the Central Powers strained Russian society to the . 148 0 obj The abolition of serfdom in 1861 under Alexander II was the immediate result. 4N. N. Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution 1917, Harper, 1962, vol. The three major causes of the Russian Revolution were Russias participation in World War I, an unstable government and Vladimir Lenin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Social Revolutionary party also agreed with the peasants and wanted them to start a Revolution. jEQny~G'e9 teSh#yqi=XZq7'&wqq ) ;8ts8qC^fo/P_ This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Castro was unhappy about Allende's reluctance to introduce strict . [1], Despite the large destruction there were only one confirmed account of a landowner being killed, although reports report that 50 non-communal peasants who were particularly disliked were murdered. peasants to have a more significant role in the Great War and the Russian revolution. The workers immediately formed soviets again as in 1905, and peasants began to take action against the landlords, slowly at first, but soon ramping up. The redemption payments demanded of the peasants were to be the source of financing of bonds issued to the landlords by the state, so that the loss of ownership of the land could be turned into capital. 0000002447 00000 n The workers own demands, for bread, peace and land, had been out there on the street from the February beginning. \;|u BIG6*b`:D_7 *Y endobj What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? I p. 59. [2], During this 'Great Fear of 1905', many landowners seemed open to accept expropriation and concessions to save themselves. Frequently, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. By the mid-1920s,Russias agricultural output had been restored to pre-World War I levels. Trepov had once even said to Sergey Witte: 'I myself am a landowner and I would be glad to relinquish half of my land if I were convinced that under these conditions I could keep the remainder.' The Industrial Workers Support of Growing the revolution All of this is right on the mark. [3] Once landowners had been driven out, the peasants returned to their communes, refusing to pay tax or obey government law, as well as driving out local officials and conservative priests. For centuries, Russians lived under a feudal system in which peasants were born tethered to the great estates of nobility. Peasants rose up as well; not all, but enough to make the Tsar pick very carefully for a loyal regiment to shoot down protestors outside the Winter Palace in the Bloody Sunday massacre, killing at least 1,000. The NEP, he argued, was intended to provide breathing space for the Russian people and their economy, which was on the brink of collapse after seven years of war. Had the war been won, the regime may have been able to gain political capital from this nationalistic upsurge. The Romanov dynasty and decades of Russian Imperial rule came to an end with the violent revolution. HRN0+f hJ`4 4AH"x^g:[89IKuov)sD&@0CW"0(0],Ber"X@H1,/$283J(,/6z,EJ$HJ+,,a{h6]Mw> k? By 1921, this had fallen to less than 50 million tons but four years of the NEP saw it increase to 72.5 million tons. They played a major role in starting the French Revolution in 1789. Then, with the start of the Civil War, workers and peasants were called upon to form the Red Army, which they did with little hesitation, further interrupting what little production capacity was left. The amountof prodnalog would instead be fixed by the state, allowing peasants to retain whatever surplus they had produced. For most of 1917 however, the peasants were represented by the SRs, not the Bolsheviks. In short, life remained grim for the peasants. This was a period when the Bolsheviks faced rising opposition and rebellion. In comparative terms, the NEP was a success. This was documented by one Bolshevik in the Volga region: The muzhiks called [their SR leaders] old men, treating them with external deference, but voting in their own way. Trotsky continues, It is impossible to weigh the influence of the revolutionary workers upon the peasantry. That is why wise and learned men are glad to collect these legends from the lips of the peasants and other simple minded folk who have learned them at their mothers' knee, and who believe that they are all true. The replacement of requisitioning with a fixed tax and free markets gave Russian farmers an incentive to work harder and produce more. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Chris Kinder (2018-03-14) My own spirits were high, and I bounded along with feelings of unbridled joy and hilarity. As in most peasant societies, there was a long history of rebellions, all of which were defeated, but which were memorialized in legend and song for centuries. They condemned all land seizures done arbitrarily by the peasants, and insisted that they wait for the Constituent Assembly. Answer: Peasants were looting farms and having food riots because the provisional government had not overcome the problem of food supply. In Russia, the peasants were still serfs meaning that they were still in the feudal system with class privileges (Wilde 2nd). <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents( \n h t t p s : / / s c h o l a r s a r c h i v e . The Question is Posed by the Russian Revolution. The underlying cause was the backward economic condition of the country, which made it unable to sustain the war effort against powerful . @fWp[Wo]0Xp Vy1}C(}Khq HP Kes0g{aqjD\7@n[X)s3Ke-7|/2P {r 5- Tsar put Russia immediately in WW1 (2 million soldiers died in the first years). Because the NEP allowed elements of capitalism, hardliners in the Communist Party hierarchy viewed it as a retreat towards capitalism or at least an acknowledgement that socialist policies had failed. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Lenin had called for organized confiscations, with peasant organizations taking over the big estates to work as collectives; and he emphasized the need for the landless workers and poor peasants to form soviets to present their own needs for socialization of the land. 4- Difficult lives of peasants, little food, hard work for noble men. It played an important role in convincing Governor of Saratov, Stolypin, that a land reform was necessary.[3]. French Revolution. According to eyewitness Nicolai Sukhanov, It would seem that Lenin had landed not merely in a camp of bitter enemies, but you might say in the very jaws of the crocodile. But Sukhanov went on to report that, The little muzhiks listened attentively and probably not without sympathy. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The 'Great Famine' was a man-made affair and was introduced to attack a class of people - the peasants -who were simply not trusted by Joseph Stalin.There is little doubt that Joseph Stalin, the USSR's leader, knew about this policy. The drive to collectivize would not be completed in Lenins lifetime, nor would it prevent the one step back that the Bolsheviks had to take at the end of the civil war in 1921, in the form of the New Economic Policy, or NEP, which became necessary to jump start Russias devastated economy. 338-48. Delegates came from the zemstvos, or elected local assemblies, established by Tsar Alexander II in 1864, which were dominated by village shop keepers, as well as the co-ops of the more well-off peasants; and a few from the village mir. 136 0 obj hb``b``Qd`f` ",l@!e&.$~9 xb bgJc`a` xu ;$aB1{7_eh:9p3{X|@AhA:iOC+4'Tg a.f Q$Q What did Russian peasants have do to with Russian Revolution? 0000005443 00000 n The communal land on which peasants toiled had belonged to the landlord, but now it was allocated to the peasant commune (the village mir). The working class took power in alliance with the peasantry, who were the vast majority in the country, and Lenin knew that simply declaring the Bolshevik program as law would not change the reality of what the peasants were doing. The February Revolution had dramatically increased the already high rate of desertions of peasant soldiers from the trenches. endobj endobj But the truth she missed is that Lenin tirelessly made clear two things: First, the call for the peasants to seize the land themselves was directed explicitly against the program of the SRs, which called for land nationalization, but instructed the peasants to wait for negotiations with the landlords, or for the bourgeois Constituent Assembly to decide. Sukhanov was a Menshevik with a wide range of contradictory opinions, but he was a great eyewitness reporter. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. They took a leading role in events that were soon to envelope the countryside. Lenin responded by winding back war communism and relaxing Soviet economic policy. This soon produced uprisings, including major revolts in the 17th and 18th centuries. endobj neglect of the peasants. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. After Bloody Sunday in February, large instances of rebellion exploded throughout the country, initiating the 1905 Revolution. 127 0 obj Writing from prison in 1918, Luxemburg asserted that, the direct seizure of the land by the peasants has in general nothing at all in common with socialist economy. And, she goes on, In the first place, only the nationalization of the large landed estatescan serve as the point of departure for the socialist mode of production on the land. In the second place, she asserts that, one of the prerequisites of this transformation [is] that the separation between rural economy and industryshould be ended in such a way as to bring about a mutual interpenetration and fusion of both.. e d u , \n e l l e n _ a m a t a n g e l o @ b y u . The NEP alsolifted a ban on agricultural and town markets, allowingpeasants to buy and sell their surplus produce. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Masthead Logo Link)/Rect[72.0 648.0 134.5794 707.5]/StructParent 1/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Without peasant support, indeed without the peasant uprising to throw off their own chains of oppression, the Russian Revolution never could have survived. With some exceptions, neither of these calls were being heeded. Modern agriculture attempts to circumvent this with artificial fertilizers, but that is another story. The overwhelming majority of its populace were peasants. This dismal situation ironically improved somewhat with the resignation of the Left-SRs from the Soviet government after the ratification of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, which ended Russias participation in World War I. I say ironically, because under the treaty, the Bolsheviks had to cede the Baltic states to Germany, and they had to recognize the independence of the Ukraine, which quickly came under German influence: not good. The Bolshevik Party desperately needed a role to play; it needed a reaffirmation that it was leading Russia and not simply waiting for the conditions to arise when the socialist offensive could resume. The action in the countryside soon became a stampede, with kulaks in the lead, with poor peasants drawn in on the general assault on the big landlords. The vast majority (85 percent) of the population were peasants, very poor and mostly illiterate. endstream HKo@stl@U%@i* 1 ^dWDeofgf3~C)`$S[`H\~}(o$pjt}~71!'D ;bU@|qx `(Da1D>l[h'}]f94HpL[B d}W_VZ`y?#^xVU[xl(BJyl69&G40xcn[}$`F"X*x4c&gU9SyEv!JB0iS? This example proves why economic was one of the most important cause of the Democratic Revolution because the colonist money was limited by the king. The French Revolution was a time of social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that began in 1789 and ended in 1799. 2 How were peasants treated during the Russian Revolution? Each Questions has four options followed by the right answer. The revolution would necessitate that the workers put forward their own demands, not limiting themselves to the democratic simplicities of the capitalists. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(Family, Home, and Social Sciences)/Rect[371.4712 612.5547 540.0 625.4453]/StructParent 5/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endstream You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This Russian Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia between 1891 and 1927. [2], What followed the uprisings was a wave of 'gentry reaction'. This was a mixture of paranoia and reality: in some provinces, peasant committees were arresting landlords, banishing them, seizing the land, or readjusting their rents arbitrarily. This lack of experience is almost certainly exacerbating Russian officers' tendency to micromanage, which in turn reduces operational agility. Peasants were not highly favored in Lenin's revolutionary process and were often considered revolutionary road-blocks. 0000001738 00000 n 140 0 obj romanovs the russian revolution political revolutions (definition) political revolutions are relatively violent to government which, over period of time, the The Russian Revolution through the Prism of Propaganda. 137 0 obj The Soviet Union's 'Great Famine' between 1932 and 1933 may have resulted in the deaths of nine million people. Part two of a series on the Russian Revolution However, this little misunderstanding between the fictitious socialism of the Narodniks and the agrarian democratism of the muzhiks would come out in the open only in the future.[5]. People of Mongol origin, Tatars, Kirghiz, Kalmuks, etc., were deprived of all rights and could be forced into serfdom by the Russian nobility, and even into outright slavery (slave markets were legal until 1828). When Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War in the 1850s, at the hands of the decrepit Ottoman Empire and its British and French allies, Russian rulers began to think about modernization. Why did the Russian peasants revolt in 1917? During the Second World War, when the support of the peasants was vital, their political leaders were given prominent positions in all the Eastern governments in exile. 5. The peasants uprising was connected to the 1905 Revolution and the October Manifesto, as the country was gripped by a revolutionary and rebellious atmosphere following Tsar Nicholas II reactionary policies. Peasants were political game changers in 1917. Genuinely curious, I'm assuming there are much less records of what peasants personally thought (up to the French revolution) than what the nobles/higher classes told the peasants to feel but I'm wondering if you would have swarths of peasants defending the kings and nobles and selling out anyone that dared speak against the king or church? They planned to dicker with the landlords over reconciling their utopian slogans with bourgeois interests at the Constituent Assembly; but the peasants were not waiting around for this pie in the sky. Before 1917, a hereditary nobility led by the tsar ruled the Russian Empire. 4- Difficult lives of peasants, little food, hard work for noble men. Peasants raided estates, burning the houses, stealing cattle. In early The February Revolution had dramatically increased the already high rate of desertions of peasant soldiers from the trenches. endobj The cost from the American Revolution and the expensive spending from King King Louis XVI left France close to bankruptcy. endstream endobj As he said at the aforementioned Peasant Congress in May 1917, Let him [the peasant] know that the land he is taking is not his land, nor is it the landowners, but the common property of the people and, Until [the power of the working people is established], the local [peasant] authoritiesshould take over the landed estates and should do so in an organized manner according to the will of the majority.[8], In order to facilitate these aims, Lenin tried to promote the organization of landless and poor peasants, both before and after October, with, unfortunately, little result at first. News of the Russian Revolution was highly restricted in Germany in 1918 under a government of Social Democrats who were soon to be her murderers; and especially if one was in prison, as she was. It does not store any personal data. Shortages in grain during the war resulted in many of the poorer land workers hoarding what they produced. Citation information For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. endobj As a consequence, Russias industrial recovery in the early 1920s was much slower than itsagricultural recovery, an inequality that led to the Scissors Crisis. The reform also enabled the formation of peasant cooperatives, which became dominated by kulaks and middle peasants, who could trade on the market. The organization of poor peasants promoted the state monopoly on the sale of foodstuffs, aided in grain seizures from the rich peasants, and supported the mobilization of peasants in support of the workers state in the face of imperialist and white army reactionaries mobilizing to destroy it. First of all, let us not forget that before the revolution of 1917 there was another one, 1905-1907. But Luxemburgs plea for a fusion of agriculture and industry, much to the chagrin of the Bolsheviks, was impossible just then. A compromise ensued, but it did not provide enough land for a growing population of peasants to survive on and still maintain their traditional three-field system. Directly before me was one of the mirrors I have mentioned, in which I saw reflected the tall shape of my friend, Mr. Jennings, leaning over my shoulder, and reading the page at which I was busy, and with a face so dark and wild that I . They began trespassing on the land of the gentry, chopping down trees and harvesting their hay. Their line was based on the fact that they were in alliance with the Provisional Government, of which they would soon be a part (their representative Alexander Kerensky became Minister of War, and then Minister Chairman). [1] Much violence also occurred in the Baltic region, with the least violence happening in the West and South. Chapter IV - Four Eyes Were Reading the Passage I was running the head of my pencil-case along the line as I read it, and something caused me to raise my eyes. 123 0 obj Meanwhile, the Russian economy was hopelessly. In 1905, about one half of all arable land was private (including church and state-owned land), and about half of that was owned by 30,000 great landed gentry. How does Charle's law relate to breathing? 126 0 obj The peasants, who were obligated to sell bread to the state, answered with "the bread strike": they decided to wait until spring to sell their grain, because in spring the prices were to grow. ), But Lenins Land Decree was very clear in laying down what Luxemburg advocated, ie, measures that lead in the direction [of] a later socialist reform of agriculture. According to the Decree, All landshall become part of the national land fund. Peasants and workers alike suffered horrendous living and working conditions and hence posed a. HtT]o0}a? Introduced by Vladimir Lenin in 1921, the New Economic Policy (or NEP) was a radical shift in Bolshevik economic strategy. This local protest exploded into a revolution. When early summer came and it became clear that the harvest had failed, the peasants started launching large, organised attacks on the estates; they would loot the properties, and set the manor on fire, making the landowner flee. 24. pp. Meanwhile, peasants who sold out their land because it was insufficient for them to live on added themselves to the ranks of landless farm laborers. This helped prevent soil depletion from over-working, and from the planting of single crops endlessly on the same fields. While carrying out the SR program of land to the tiller, rather than the Bolshevik plan for organized takeovers to establish collectivization, the peasants were staking their claim as a petty bourgeois class: they wanted the land. Throughout the conflict, Russia was perceived as arrogant and ignorant of the vast military strength and technological advancements of the supposed 'infidels' as referred to by Tsar Nicholas II. Students can take a free test of the Multiple Choice Questions of Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution. <>stream This added to the problem of crop failure and caused supply troubles in many industrial centers. The improvement was that with this rising influence, and with the onset of the civil war in mid-1918, Lenin finally succeeded in mobilizing poor and landless peasants, through Poor Peasants Committees and Communes. The NEP was controversial within the Bolshevik party, where some saw it as a backdown or retreat from socialism. 0000018905 00000 n How do I determine the molecular shape of a molecule? . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.