There is a serious conflict between these two groups which started shortly after the founding of Afghanistan in 1747. The caste system played a major part in the violence Amir experienced in this story. In 2015, Taliban militants killed dissident Taliban commander Mansoor Dadullah. It is estimated that Hazarajat lost some 60 percent of its population to ethnic cleansing, which has led some scholars to term the carnage a genocide. They were viewed differently because of their Mongolian features and unknown history. Khaled Hosseinis first novel, The Kite Runner, comments on the social conditions of Afghanistan through telling a story about the lives of two Muslim boys; a privileged Sunni Pashtun, Amir, and his long-time friend and servant, Hassan, a loyal but disadvantaged Shia Hazara. What are the main differences between the Pashtuns and Hazaras? Key Difference: Hazaras are members of an Afghan ethnic minority group, whereas the Pashtuns are a united group of tribes composing the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan. While five were set free, the fate of the other 20 remains unknown, according to the UN. The Pashtun dancers But Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrghyz etc. With a longhistory of persecution, including by the Taliban, the Hazaras areright to fear a genocide. Whats the difference between the Pashtuns and the Hazaras? Many people grouped us into the same category because we are both Muslim, sometimes even mixing up our names. In The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the act of discrimination is portrayed throughout the novel and is the cause of many of the main events that occur in the novel. The Hazaras say they are considered outsiders in their own country and have been persecuted throughout history. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising nearly half of the countrys estimated 30 million people, while Hazaras make up some 10 percent of the population and have been persecuted historically. He is the author of The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key To The Future Of Pakistan And Afghanistan. There are 14 nationally recognized ethnic groups in Afghanistan, including Tajiks, Pashtuns, Hazaras, Uzbeks and others who make up less than 2% each. Indeed, the main stakes and conflicts arise among the heirs of the same man, especially among sedentary farmers. Until the 1970s, a large percentage of the Hazara populationcould notaccess higher education, enrol in the army or secure higher-level government jobs. Unfortunately, these problems are still active in most of Afghanistan. Because of the contrasting history of the two groups, their responses to the Talibans takeover of Kabul were complete opposites. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini is a commentary on the social conditions in Afghanistan as shown through the roles of women and men in society and the ideals of Afghan culture. Hazaras are an ultimately low class in Afghanistan with very minimal rights. Shujae had gone into the areas the Taliban had banned him from traveling to. They are therefore regrded as a separate ethnic group in Afghanistan. For centuries, the stone sentinels stood watch over the Silk Road. They are considered to be from herders community. He skimmed through a couple of pages, snickered, handed the book back. The Hazara were largely autonomous until the 1890s. If there was no fight between the Hazara and Pashtun people, then Baba would have been able to claim Hassan as his son. . The disparity between social classes is evident in The Kite Runner between Amir and Hassan. the real subcontient and desis of Pakistan are my fellow Punjabi and Sindhi country men. At least six people were killed and scores more injured after a suicide bomber detonated his explosives-laden vest near a Hazara protest demonstration in Kabul on November 12. June 3, 2022 . "The repeated kidnapping of Hazara women prompted them [the Hazaras] to kidnap 14 Pashtun women and children from Gazey village in the Khak-e Afghan district [of Zabul Province]," the report said. Living primarily in the rugged highlands in the countrys centre, the Hazaras are one of Afghanistans largest ethnic minorities, accounting for up to 20 percent of Afghanistans 30 million inhabitants. What kind of religion are the Hazaras of Afghanistan? Similar to the difference between Americans and Afghans:) Dari, Hazara and Pashtun speaking Afghans are closer to the Westerners than Turks in terms of linguistic kinhip/relativity, they speak variants of Indo-Europeas language family. Afghanistan is the land of the Pashtunsnot the flat-nosed Hazaras, these people pollute our homeland. Yet, despite their growing political clout, many Hazaras continue to feel discriminated against. It was initially thought that Blane Horton was the breeder for Rebel Starfighter Prime but this has been proven incorrect. 5 Whats the difference between a Pashtun and an Afghan? To make matters confusing, though, Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims and Hazaras are Shi'a Muslims. Hazaras and Pushtons are two different ethnic groups of Afghanistan. As every year around this time, violent clashes have erupted between local Hazaras and incoming Pashtun Kuchis in the pastures of Eastern Hazajarat. Mohammad Amin, a resident of Ghazni, agrees with Mutmaeen and says the fighting was prompted by the breakdown of the unwritten truce. Hassan, who Amir is acquainted with since birth, is a fiercely loyal Hazara. The views expressed in this article are the authors own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeeras editorial stance. In reality Amir is Hassans owner. ; Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" (hzr ) to be very old, and it is derived . This shows that all Pashtuns are Johnson 6 not bad and that some even fall in love with Hazaras. Pashtuns follow and live by a 2000-year-old law called "Pashtunwali" which tells them how to behave in society. Jatts definitely, pashtun are not known for heights, their average height is around 56, while in punjab jatts average height is 510 easily. Individuals also shaped Amirs character. Pashtuns and Hazaras differ in terms of religious beliefs, cultural practices, social status, and physical appearances. If we look at Pashtun Afghans, they are more related to Persian people than Turks. A Hazara is one of two Ethnic groups in Afghanistan. This shows the hatred and disgust that the Sunni Muslims have for the Shia, and that the Sunni see the Shia as intruders that dont belong in Afghanistan. In the novel, Amir is the story teller and a Pashtun, while his best friend Hassan is the son of a servant and a Hazara. Pashtuns and Hazaras differ in terms of religious beliefs, cultural practices, social status, and physical appearances. The insurgents have also taken visible steps to ease Hazara fears that the hard-line Islamist movement has an anti-Shiite agenda. In this novel, I find that culture and religion greatly influence a persons life, actions, and personal emotions. Pashtun culture is based on traditional code of Pashtunwali, whch tells the individual how to behave as individual and in the society. This is caused by insufficient potassium reaching the fruit due to environmental factors such as high air/soil temperatures and overcast skies or heavy fruit load on plants with lower organic matter content in their soils. Post author: Post published: June 10, 2022 Post category: printable afl fixture 2022 Post comments: columbus day chess tournament columbus day chess tournament Their Asiatic features and language a dialect of Persian set them apart from other Afghans, including the predominant ethnic Pashtun. Abubakar Siddique wrote this based on reporting by Radio Free Afghanistan correspondent Asmatullah Sarwan. They generally reside in Southeastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Hazara people are minorities in Afghanistan, as they are Persian speaking, and they usually live in the center of the country. Houses were burnt down, people and animals killed, many fled the area. The international community has alegal, moral and political obligationto protect the Hazara people. This idea explains the main injustice that Hosseini presents the reader, conflicts between the religion of the Hazaras and Pashtuns. The overwhelming majority ofPashtunsfollowSunniIslam. In 2001, then Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar declared them un-Islamic and had them destroyed ,reducing the once-largest standing Buddhas and 1,500 years of history to rubble. Hazara, also spelled azra, ethnolinguistic group originally from the mountainous region of central Afghanistan, known as Hazrajt. They mostly speak the Pashto language (a language from Indo-Iranian language family). It seems like everywhere, Amir, the protagonist, looks society seems into two parts. The Taliban leadership may have moderated its rhetoric to please the international community, claiming that it will protect all ethnic groups, but it has done nothing to stem the growing number of crimes being committed by its fighters. Desi isnt a term for Baluch and Pashtun. One of the major differences between them is that they both generally follow different branches of Islam and thus their fundamental principles are different. Hazaras believe in the superstitions that are common in the country. When Amir showed the history book on the Hazaras to his teacher, he reacted with disgust, The following week, after class, I showed the book to my teacher and pointed to the chapter on the Hazaras. Pashtuns and Hazaras differ in terms of religious beliefs, cultural practices, social status, and physical appearances. Handayani, Fadlilah S. "Racial Discrimination Towards the Hazaras as Reflected in Khaled Hosseini's the Kite Runner." That is why people, like Assef, thought that they could treat . Violence in the kite runner is one of the biggest factors that shapes Amirs life. The Hazara people are mainly comprised of Shi'a Muslims, with small minority (5%) of Sunni Muslims. Lets get united and defend our land and love ones from our enemies. Early sweet peppers are a great addition to any garden. Hazaras speak a dialect of Dari (Farsi dialect) called Hazaragi and the vast majority follow the Shia sect (Twelver Imami) of Islam. Little is known for certain about the origin of the Hazara, who may be of at least partial Mongol descent. The local Hazara population has been estimated at 500,000 people of which at least one third have spent more than half their life in Iran. This discrimination affects every age group in Afghanistan, and affects each of those individuals, mental and physical health (Pascoe). Another bombing of a Hazara mosque in Kandahar killed at least 47 people and wounded scores of others. cousins seem to be less common among the Hazaras than marriages between cross-cousins.12 In Pashto, tarbor means both "paternal cousin" and "rival."913 This word is known and used by Hazaras from Jaghori and Qarabagh. The Pashtuns and Hazaras are two particular ethnic groups that have clashed throughout history. Omissions? 5, no. Menu. The fighting was apparently provoked by the breakdown of a longstanding agreement between the two, according to former Taliban members and Ghazni locals. June 22, 2022 . (LogOut/ Their Asiatic features and language a dialect of Persian set them apart from other Afghans, including the predominant ethnic Pashtun. Parehan-u-tunban, similar to pajamas. Amirs decision to do nothing has major consequences that he must deal with. Despite their growing political clout, many Hazaras continue to feel discriminated against. A significant number are also followers of the Ismaili sect while a small number are Sunni Muslim. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini shows that an individual's social status affects their future through the way Hazaras are treated in Afghanistan. Early Sweet Pepper Varieties: Which is Best for Your Climate and Taste? This man, he said, was the main contact between Hazaras and the insurgents in Jaghori. The numbers may vary from one region to the another. They have historically held a higher social status and have been more influential in politics and society. If Hassan and Amir were raised as brothers, Amir would have seen Hassan as an equal, rather than looking down upon him. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising nearly half of the countrys estimated 30 million people, while Hazaras make up some 10 percent of the population and have been persecuted historically. But the Taliban fighters active here come from various regions and ethnic groups of Afghanistan. However, due to genetic and linguistic a Significant communities of Hazara also exist in Iran and Baluchistan (Pakistan). Hosseini expresses Amirs uncertain feelings toward Hassan which form the decisions he makes throughout the book. Hazara MPs boycott the parliament's sessions. The religious and cultural definition requires Pashtuns to be Muslim and follow the Pashtunwali codes. Company Information; FAQ; Stone Materials. similarities between pashtuns and hazaras steve dulcich vineyard June 23, 2022. how much is the wimbledon trophy worth . To begin with, Afghan may refer to various ethnicity of people like Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrghyz, etc. Due to the persecution of the Hazara people in Afghanistan and Pakistan, in 2012 he sought asylum by boat in Australia. He was sheltering Uzbek militants loyal to the Islamic State (IS). similarities between pashtuns and hazaras. What happened between the Pashtuns and Hazaras? class="publication-detail-container cs-orange" Hazaras have been systematically discriminated against by Pashtuns and others during the Afghan pre-war periods, says Thomas Ruttig, co-director of the Afghanistan Analysts Network. The theme of discrimination against a specific group of people in The Kite Runner was expressed through the use of similes. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Amir is exposed to unkindness toward Hazaras throughout his childhood. Due to Hassan being a Hazara, Baba avoids social embarrassment by not exposing the truth of Hassan being his son. Big diffrence, in language, attitude, belifs, ways of doing things, culture and even looks. These experiences have led some to consider Hazaras to be one of themost persecuted people in the world. long live Afghanistan. The social hierarchy that declares the Hazara people below Amir, shows how the long history of discrimination is hard to overcome. In recent weeks, Hazaras travelling in civilian vehicles have been abducted and executed by Taliban fighters. Hazara activists say the government does not protect the interests of the Hazaras. Difference between Hazara and Pashtun. You say that the hazaras are shia muslims. The Pashtuns had lighter skin, hair and eyes. Hazaras were sold as slaves as late as the 19th century. (LogOut/ This is an important theme throughout the novel as it will drastically affect the relation between Amir and Hassan because one is a Pashtun and one is . They both have many differences, whether it is the major language they speak or the traditions they follow. Human Rights Watch estimated that at least 2,000 people of different ethnic communities, including Hazaras, were killed and according to estimates by Hazara groups, the death toll may be as high as15,000. Before the Taliban took over Kabul, Assef tormented Hassan and Amir because Hassan was a Hazara and Amir Associated himself with Hassan. similarities between pashtuns and hazarasmainstreet organization of realtors locations. In the novel ,The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the main character Amir is a coward. Hundreds have been killed and thousands displaced by the fighting, which began in late October. In the late 1900s, Pashtun King Amir Abdul Rahman Khan ordered the killing of all Shias in central Afghanistan, leaving tens of thousands of Hazaras dead, according to anthropologist Thomas Barfield. He waged a brutal war against the community, which resulted in bloody "massacres, looting and pillaging of homes, enslavement" and the transfer of Hazara . bear acl repair 2020; jewelry exchange new york city; transformers fanfiction sam sparkmate The difference in ethnic roots and religious beliefs between Pashtuns and Hazaras has led to a centuries-long feud between the two groups. Although discrimination in the country continued, the community was able to participate in public life much more freely. Difference Between | Descriptive Analysis and Comparisons, Counterintelligence Investigation vs Criminal Investigation. A Taliban report at the time said the IS militants were killed because they were attempting to foment an ethnic war by targeting Hazaras. If Hassan was never raped, then Amir would not have felt the guilt that he did. The authors deliberate incorporation of Afghan and American settings over a 3-decade time frame successfully illustrates the differences and similarities between Eastern culture and Western culture, as well as highlighting the harm each culture cultivates. After the Pashtun-centric, ultra-conservative Sunni Taliban group took over Kabul in 1996, atrocities against the Hazaras did not stop. As a result of this discrimination, the violence experienced in Kabul, shape the rest of Amirs. To commemorate this special occasion, KarenO, a registered nurse with 35 years of experience, has started The Nightingale Project. incomprehensible extent. The relationship between Pashtuns and Punjabis in Pakistan is different from and yet comparable to the relationship between Hazaras and Pashtuns in Afghanistan. Pashtuns (also spelled as Pushtun, Pakhtun, Pashtoon, Pathan) form Afghanistans largest ethnic group. Throughout the book Amit gradually begins to treat Hassan more like a Hazara is treated by the majority of the population. In the historical fiction novel, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main protagonist, is a Pashtun with traumatic childhood experiences and tense relations with his father. Hassans looks and and social standing are solely because he is a Hazara, and it something that all Hazaras can not stray from. Pashtun as the majority race and ethnic in Afghanistan is Sunni Moslem while Hazara is Shia. Therefore, it is unlikely that it would take any significant steps to protect the Shia of Afghanistan. The first truly inhumane action Amir decides to make occurs in the alley where Hassan is raped. Hazara people are minorities in Afghanistan, as they are Persian speaking, and they usually live in the center of the country. Their forceful and brutal integration into the nascent Afghan state by Abd al-Ramn Khns predominantly Pashtun armies sowed the seeds of lasting enmity between the Shii Hazara and the Sunni Pashtuns on both religious and ethnic grounds. "They [IS] were attempting to pave the way for an ethnic war between Afghan ethnic groups, which prompted the Taliban to intervene." Over a century we have been divided by our enemies (divide and role) and look where we are? His best friend Hassan lives with him and is his best friend. They feel they should still be servants and labourers., READ MORE: Desperate journeys persecuted Hazara flee Afghanistan. And its fighters made good on such threats. Many people dont know that a divide even exists or are very ignorant when it comes to the religion and culture itself. Tajiks to Tajikistan, Uzbeks to Uzbekistan, and Hazaras to goristan [graveyard], was themantraof the Taliban at the time. Abubakar Siddique, a journalist for RFE/RL's Radio Azadi, specializes in the coverage of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Even open-minded non-Hazaras with a high degree of education have admitted to me that they feel a certain discomfort when they encounter Hazaras in certain positions of authority in Afghanistan, says Melissa Chiovenda, an anthropology doctoral candidate at the University of Connecticut. Hazara youth were quick to embrace all forms of education and emerged at the forefront of social change initiatives, while Hazara women pushed for womens emancipation. Footnote 14 Their way of interacting has some similarities with friendship, even if the terms dust, yar or rafiq . 6 What kind of religion are the Hazaras of Afghanistan? What is the difference between Hazara and Pashtun in The Kite Runner? Assef bullies Hassan to show him his place as a minority in Afghanistan. Hazara men wear vests, turbans, and sweaters over the perahan-u-tunban. Concentrated in the mountainous central region of Afghanistan. This has resulted in their systemic lack of political power and influence in a Sunni Muslim . Pashtu, written in the Perso-Arabic script. Copyright 2023, Difference Between | Descriptive Analysis and Comparisons. Other reason why the Hazaras have been discriminated by Pashtun is their appearance that look like Chinese people. Dari, a form of Persian, also called Khorasani Persian. Social conditions are what shape a country. If Amir never felt guilty, he would have never framed Hassan for stealing money, and Hassan would have never left, but Hassan could have never left because he would have been Amir's brother. Hazaras mostly follow Shia version of Islam. Whether they had a positive or negative effect, both changed his values and beliefs. Mentioned among the Basseri and the Shahsevan of Iran, Footnote 16 this practice also existed in Afghanistan before 1978 between Pashtun nomads and Hazara farmers, even though their relations were often tense. Sitarah Mohammadi is a former Hazara refugee from Afghanistan, who spent 2019 as a Provost Scholar at the University of Oxford, undertaking studies in International Relations, and completed a dissertation on Australias refugee policy. Pashtuns and Hazaras differ in terms of religious beliefs, cultural practices, social status, and physical appearances. Hazaras and Pushtons are two different ethnic groups of Afghanistan. The discrimination of Hassan causes violence as he gets raped solely because he was a Hazara. In the late 19th century, Pashtun ruler Abdur Rahman Khan sought to bring the Hazara people in their homeland of Hazarajat under his rule. Just another site who dismissed justice sajjad ali shah; jackson high school soccer; do military jets leave contrails Some beliefs include the evil eye, ghosts, and several other superstitions about animals and nighttime. Since then the Hazara have faced significant marginalization, persecution, and displacement, perhaps most zealously by the Taliban in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Hazaras are discriminated against and looked down upon. While walking on the street, Amir sees Ali being verbally harassed by Pashtun boys. When the post-Taliban governance of Afghanistan was being set up at the Bonn Conference of 2001, Hazaras were estimated to make up 19 percent of the countrys population. Turks and Pashtun Afghans do not belong to same ethnic group. Whats the difference between a Pashtun and an Afghan? Manywere forcedtoconceal their identities to obtain state identification. Most of the Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims. Pashtun and hazara similarities between christianity. Amin says that as a mark of the Talibans anger, the insurgents first burned the house of a local commander he identified as Bashi. It is one that is bittered by a lot of grievance and sometimes outright hatred but calmed and humanized by the realities of the world. However, sometimes when sliced open, white rings can appear in the flesh, a disorder known as "internal white tissue." You put a Pashtun next to a sindhi or us next to a tamil. The return of the Taliban to power in Kabul has meant not only a rollback of the limited social gains the Hazaras had achieved, but also new atrocities against the community. With a long history of persecution, the Hazaras fear the worst under Taliban rule. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In Afghanistan, there is a divide between the Pashtuns and the Hazaras; the Pashtuns are upper class citizens who are treated with respect while the Hazaras are lower class, minority citizens who are treated poorly. Amirs closest friend is Hassan, the son of his familys beloved servant. feeding westchester mobile food truck schedule. The victims also included women," the report said. Thenewly appointedUnited Nations special rapporteur on Afghanistan must immediately investigate the systematic attacks and forced displacement of Hazaras to ensure those responsible are identified and held to account. They tell stories of their history, their ancestors, and their heroes. The 25-year-old and her family were one of hundreds of Hazara families forcibly evicted from . Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Together we can be strong, free and happy. Hazaras are genetically different than Pashtuns & Tajiks and generally have Mongolic looks which is closer to Turkmen & Uzbeks. Pashtuns do not have a distinct look like the Hazara, because they have Middle Eastern features. Hazaras afterwards Pushtons are two another national groups of Afghanistan. Amir has to face that fact he is disloyal to his relationship with Hassan and begins personal growth. Hundreds have died in the attacks, which have targeted Hazara protests, Shiite mosques, and shrines. Think of it like the difference between German and English. Updates? Alteration Among | Colourful Assay afterwards Comparisons Answer Alteration: Hazaras are members of an Afghan cultural marginal assemblage, where the Pashtuns are a cohesive assemblage of tribes composing the largest cultural assemblage of Afghanistan. The main differences between the Pashtun's and the Hazara's is the Pashtun's are Sunni Muslim while Hazzara's are Shiite Muslims. As the Taliban gained large swathes of rural territories in recent years, they have postured as a national movement capable of replacing the current Afghan government. A Pashtun is the other ethnic group in Afghanistan, and this is also the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan. The US-led invasion of Afghanistan, which toppled the Taliban regime, brought new hopes for the Hazara people. Upon reading this quote, readers understand that the Pashtuns are the superior authority, treating the Hazaras like a plain servant in which they do all the chores and cleaning in the household. The Hazaras form a minority group of Afghanistan, and thus are persecuted by the majority groups. However, the vast majority of Hazara follow the Shi'a sect (twelver Imami). Their ethnic differences tore them apart causing a great deal of discrimination and cruelty. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, Afghanistan descended into civil war between various armed groups. Key Difference: Hazaras are members of an Afghan ethnic minority group, whereas the Pashtuns are a united group of tribes composing the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan. Their official languages Pashto and Dari belong to Indo-Iranian (Indo-European) family. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Fake info, the most hazaras are soennie muslim. One of the main differences between the Hazara and Pashtun is their social status. Social status allows the powerful to gain more power, while pushing the struggling deeper into a hole. This fact is critical to understanding Hazaragi's history and more importantly its future. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Baba, Assef, and Hassan were major influences upon Amirs growth throughout the book; their differences shaped Amir into the man he later became as all three represented a different side of Afghan society. It is not known what happened to the breeder of Rebel Starfighter Prime or why Galactic Magic Seeds is no longer available. These choices result in Amir destroying his relationship with Hassan. The Taliban, just because they believe they are a higher class then Hazara, kill Hassan like it was routine. As a Muslim, I think The Kite Runner accurately describes the divide among the religion of Islam. "They particularly targeted the Hazaras and repeatedly kidnapped them. They are Islam and mostly speak Dari as well as Pashtu, Turkic, and Baluchi. Amir and Hassan have different ethnic groups: Amir is Pashtun and Hassan is Hazara. This is why the Taliban first attacked Shujae and then extended their fighting into Malistan and Jaghori districts in [neighboring Ghazni Province], he said. Amir is a Pashtun, with a higher status and his servant , Hassan, is a Hazara. These gains in education and social standing have encouraged the community to mobilise and demand an end to discrimination and a greater political space. They both come from different sections of the society, therefore they vary in various aspects which are discussed in this article. The most common clothing is called perahan-u-tunban, which is similar to pajamas. Hazaras are predominantly Shia Muslims, with some Ismaili and Sunni Muslims. Khaled Hosseini's novel entitled The Kite Runner is an American bestseller novel that represents racial conflict between the Pashtuns and Hazaras, two different races and ethnics in Afghanistan. similarities between pashtuns and hazaras. In August, Amnesty International reported that at least nine Hazara men were massacred by the Taliban when its fighters took over Ghazni province in July. Pashtuns, unlike the Hazaras, speak the language of Pashto and are Sunni Muslims.