media ownership concentration and public concern

Only a few companies representing the interests of a minority elite control the public airwaves. The European Commission failed to meet this deadline. [63], In 2007, reacting to concerns on media concentration and its repercussion on pluralism and freedom of expression in the EU member states raised by the European Parliament and by NGOs, the European Commission launched a new three-phase plan on media pluralism[64][66][67], In October 2009, a European Union Directive was proposed to set for all member states common and higher standards for media pluralism and freedom of expression. [63] However, the European Union enforces a common regulation for environmental protection, consumer protection and human rights, but it has none for media pluralism. Using a scale of 0.00 to 1.00, Ireland is graded at 0.7 in the 'concentration of media ownership' category – this ranking places the state in the area of highest concern.' Media Ownership: Concentration, Convergence and Public Policy: The Economics and Politics of Convergence and Concentration in the UK and European Media by Doyle, Dr Gillian at AbeBooks.co.uk - ISBN 10: 0761966811 - ISBN 13: 9780761966814 - SAGE Publications Ltd - 2002 - Softcover Available at . The proposal was put to a vote in the European Parliament and rejected by just three votes. 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More diverse output and fragmented ownership will, obviously, support pluralism. 17, No. Through acquisitions of smaller companies by larger ones, 90 percent of media companies are now concentrated under the ownership of just five corporations: Comcast, Time Warner, The Walt Disney Company, News Corp and National Amusements. [87] Concerning the diversity of output, this is limited by a series of factors: the average low level of professional education among Czech journalists is compensated by "informal professionalization", leading to a degree of conformity in approaches;[88] political parties hold strong ties in Czech media, especially print, where more than 50% of Czech journalists identify with the Right, while only 16% express sympathy for the Left;[88] and the process of commercialization and "tabloidization" has increased, lowering differentiation of content in Czech print media.[88]. [28][verification needed], The consolidation of cost functions and cost-sharing. [20] After a similar train accident in Macdona, Texas in June 2004, the EAS was again not activated but a commercial radio station in San Antonio provided emergency information as they received it because they were monitoring police scanner traffic. Controls over media ownership in Australia are laid down in the Broadcasting Services Act 1992,[34] administered by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA). In the United States, data on ownership and market share of media companies is not held in the public domain. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. Sinn Féin MEP Lynn Boylan has commented on the results of an EU wide media pluralism monitor. Televisa also owns subscription TV enterprises Cablevision (Mexico) [es] and SKY, a publishing company Editorial Televisa [es], and the Televisa Radio broadcast radio network, creating a de facto media monopoly in many regions of the country. The opening of borders is more beneficial to countries than maintaining protectionist regulations. [38], Sky Network Television has had an effective monopoly on pay TV in New Zealand since its nearest rival Saturn Communications (later part of TelstraClear and now Vodafone New Zealand) began wholesaling Sky content in 2002. As of May 2012, he holds a 29.9% stake in the company, making him the largest shareholder; the O'Reilly family's stake is around 13%. However, in recent years, concentration of ownership have been regulated in many European countries. Freedom of speech advocates point out that cross-ownership affords massive control of public opinion. However, in 2019, despite the British government granting formal permission for a new take over of Sky (conditional on the divestiture of Sky News), Fox were outbid by American conglomerate Comcast.[90]. the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980s and 1990s. These labels refer to things in this case like media, media ownership, control, private media, public media, news and information sources etc. Out of these options, the first one was chosen but the debate on this decision lasted for years. Media mergers have become more prevalent in recent years, which has people wondering about the negative effects that could be caused by media ownership becoming more concentrated. A high concentration of the media market increases the chances to reduce the plurality of political, cultural and social points of views. [63] However, the emphasis of both the organisations was more on strengthening media diversity and pluralism than on limiting concentration, even though they have often expressed the need for common European media concentration regulations. Concerns over ownership of media and their effects on pluralism first arose in the late nineteenth century with the development of politically active press barons in the United Kingdom and the United States, but ownership did not become a policy issue in most countries until choice about ownership of broadcasting emerged in the first half of the twentieth century. Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms. Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library. Motivation for media firms to merge includes increased profit-margins, reduced risk and maintaining a competitive edge. This article explores concerns regarding media ownership in Canada from a “marketplace of ideas” perspective. Independent Radio News, which has a contract with Sky News, produces news for the most popular commercial radio stations. According to some scholars, given the vital importance of contemporary media, sector-specific competition rules in the media industries should be enhanced. Independent Television News produces news for ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. [64], Although there is no specific media concentration legislation at the European level, a number of existing legal instruments such as the Amsterdam Protocol, the Audiovisual Media Services Directive and actions programs contribute directly and indirectly to curbing media concentration at EU level. Producing news which puts audiences in a "buying mood" as consumers. An oligopoly is when a few firms dominate a market. In May 2016, NZME and Fairfax NZ announced merger talks, pending Commerce Commission approval. Home / Difference between print and electronic media /. Fox Business states that these are the 5 biggest media mergers of all time: The biggest media merger of all time is America Online which bought control over Time Warner Incorporated in the year of 2000 on January 10 for a total of 112 billion dollars. And how can investors enter the media market if they don’t know how resources such as public funding and advertising distribution are allocated? Czech governments have defended foreign newspaper ownership as a manifestation of the principle of the free movement of capital. [70] In the monitoring carried out in 2014, 7 of 9 countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, the UK) scored a high risk in audience concentration.[71]. External pluralism applies instead to the overall media landscape, for instance in terms of the number of media outlets operating in a given country. Finally, only five countries face a low risk: Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia and Slovakia. [57] Attempts in this direction have been pointed by the mainstream media as attacks on freedom of expression, the trend of the political left in the entire Latin American continent. However, the concern is when there is a concentration of ownership ... he also points out that it is difficult to show beyond doubt that these conflicts of interest make their way into media decisions: It is not often the public hears of … clear destruction of editorial independence. [20], A 2012 Gallup poll found that Americans' distrust in the mass media had hit a new high, with 60% saying they had little or no trust in the mass media to report the news fully, accurately, and fairly. In the United States, movie production has been dominated by major studios since the early 20th century; before that, there was a period in which Edison's Trust monopolized the industry. The HHI is calculated using the sum of the squares of the individual In India a few political parties also own media organizations, for example the proprietors of Kalaignar TV are close aides of Tamil Nadu's former Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi. "[14] Freedom of the press has long been combated by large media companies, but their objections have just as long been dismissed by the supreme courts. Abstract. The digital revolution is transforming media and communicationsindustries worldwide, and media companies are keen to emerge at theforefront of an... Popular Brands Secure Excellent 4.6/5 20,782 reviews on Trustpilot The distortion of the Australian public sphere: Media ownership concentration in Australia . Orange County Business Journal February 6 Cover, Orange County Business Journal Best Companies 2018, Difference between print and electronic media, difference between print and electronic media. The concerns continue but do not still have the presence on social media. The concentration of private power over media has been the subject of intense public debate around the world. These two corporations along with Seven West Media co-own Australian Associated Press which distributes the news and then sells it on to other outlets such as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Media Concentration and Democracy: Why Ownership Matters (Communication, Society and Politics) eBook: C. Edwin Baker: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store The Evening Standard[91] and former print publication The Independent[92] are both partly owned by British-Russian media boss Evgeny Lebedev. European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Dr. Venício A. de Lima noted in 2003: It must be noted that in Brazil there is an environment very conducive to concentration. Navigate; Linked Data; Dashboard; Tools / Extras; Stats; Share . Also, pluralism does not mean neutrality and lack of opinion, as having an editorial line is an integral part of the role of editors provided that this line is transparent and explicit to both the staff and audience.[27]. Apart from a relatively small number of community broadcasters, media in Canada are primarily owned by a small number of groups, including Bell Canada, the Shaw family (via Corus Entertainment and Shaw Communications), Rogers Communications, Quebecor, and the government-owned CBC/Radio-Canada. It publishes Germany's only nationwide tabloid, Bild, and one of Germany's most important broadsheets, Die Welt. The company is also active in Hungary, where it is the biggest publisher of regional newspapers, and in Poland, where it owns the best-selling tabloid Fakt, one of the nation's most important broadsheets, Dziennik, and is one of the biggest shareholder in the second-ranked private TV company, Polsat. From the previous paragraph it can be assumed that size/wealth of the market have a very strong relation to the diversity of supplier. [63] Council regulation as a tool for regulating media concentration was excluded and the two proposals on a media concentration directive advanced in the mid 1990s were not backed by the commission. Concentration of media ownership is very frequently seen as a problem of contemporary media and society. In nations described as authoritarian by most international think-tanks and NGOs, media ownership is generally something very close to the complete state control over information in direct or indirect ways. All images are uploaded by people / automotive fans to websites like National Geographic or Others. While new media, especially the Internet, open up unprecedented opportunities for people to access and distribute information, the emergence of a powerful nexus between both ‘old’ and ‘new’ media means that the character of media ownership and markets still matters greatly. By 2013, Australia had risen to 26th on the Press Freedom Index. Concentration of media ownership is very frequently seen as a problem of contemporary media and society. See: List of assets owned by NBCUniversal. The enclosed survey on European Media Ownership, which has been supported by the European Commission as part of the EFJ project on ‘Globalisation and the Media: The European Agenda’, is an overdue but timely study that underlines the urgent need to respond to public concern about media concentration. [63], As a consequence, scholars Harcourt and Picard argue that "the trend has been to remove ownership rules and restrictions on media ownership within Europe in order that 'domestic champions' can bulk up to 'fend off' the US threat. [32], In Africa, some private media outlets have maintained close ties to governments or individual politicians, while media houses owned by politically non-aligned individuals have struggled to survive, often in the face of advertising boycotts by state agencies. Media Watch is an independent media watchdog televised on the public broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), which is one of two government-administered channels, the other being Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). )[45][46], The Senate Committee's final report, released in June 2006, expressed concern about the effects of the current levels of news media ownership in Canada. "Within any free market economy, the level of resources available for the provision of media will be constrained principally by the size and wealth of that economy, and the propensity of its inhabitants to consume media." [63], When it comes to regulating media concentration at the common European level, there is a conflict between Member states and the European Commission (EC). Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms. [36] In 2014, APN's New Zealand division officially changed its name to NZME, in order to reflect the company's convergence with its radio division The Radio Network. But others believe with equal fervor that the Internet and deregulation have opened the media landscape significantly. The "Independent Study on Indicators for Media Pluralism in the Member States – Towards a Risk-Based Approach" provided a prototype of indicators and country reports for 27 EU member states. The digital revolution is transforming media and communications industries worldwide, and media companies are keen to emerge at the forefront of an increasingly transnational and competitive communications marketplace. [64], Following this debate, the European Commission commissioned a large, in depth study published in 2009 aiming to identify the indicators to be adopted to assess media pluralism in Europe.[68]. Sectorial legislation has been timid, by express intention of the legislator, by failing to include direct provisions that limit or control the concentration of ownership, which, incidentally, goes in the opposite direction of what happens in countries like France, Italy and the United Kingdom, which are concerned with the plurality and diversity in the new scenario of technological convergence. In addition, the TVNZ channels Kidzone (and formerly TVNZ Heartland) are only available through Sky Network Television and not on the Freeview platform. The directive was supported by the liberal-centrists, the progressives and the greens, and was opposed by the European People's Party. Today, she gets the ball rolling with a series of questions that such a committee should investigate. [18], For those critics, media deregulation is a dangerous trend, facilitating an increase in concentration of media ownership, and subsequently reducing the overall quality and diversity of information communicated through major media channels. Email Facebook Google+ Twitter. And where there is still a local press presence, some 85% of local government areas are faced with a monopoly or duopoly supply of local outlets. In the Czech Republic about 80% of the newspapers and magazines were owned by German and Swiss corporations in 2007,[74] as the two main press groups Vltava Labe Media and Mafra were (completely or partly) controlled by the German group Rheinisch-Bergische Druckerei- und Verlagsgesellschaft (Mediengruppe Rheinische Post), but were both later purchased by Czech-owned conglomerates Penta Investments and Agrofert in 2015 and 2013 respectively. [73] Pan‐European broadcasters operate with a unique identity and well recognized brands across Europe. Introduction; Motivation and Context; Media Ownership Limits; Concerns: Concentration, Impacts, and Influence; The Market Model and the Public Sphere Model; Conclusion; References 2. When media ownership is concentrated in one or more of the ways mentioned above, a number of undesirable consequences follow, including the following: 1. The remaining stations are mostly community owned. [63], Within the European Union, two main standpoints have emerged in the debate: on the one hand, the European Parliament has favoured the idea that, considering the crucial role that media play in the functioning of democratic systems, policies in this field should prevent excessive concentration in order to guarantee pluralism and diversity. Yesterday, Wendy Bacon argued that the time is ripe for Australians to pressure politicians to respond to public concern about the concentration of media ownership and its effects. 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